Select Games to Compare
Benchmark your exact mobile GPU wattage (TGP), battery throttling drops, and cooling pad requirements for these games.
Valheim Version 1.0 vs Far Cry Primal
| close | close |
|---|---|
| shopping_cart Where to Buy | |
| info General Information | |
| Release Date | |
| Sep 9, 2026 | Feb 23, 2016 |
| Developer | |
| Iron Gate Studio | Ubisoft Montreal, Ubisoft Toronto, Ubisoft Kyiv, Ubisoft Shanghai |
| Publisher | |
| Coffee Stain Publishing | Ubisoft |
| Genre(s) | |
| Survival Crafting | Action-Adventure, Open World, Survival, Prehistoric |
| Engine | |
| Unity | Dunia Engine 2 (Modified CryEngine) |
| stars Ratings & Price | |
| Content Rating | |
| Teen | Mature 17+ |
| Avg. User Rating | |
| 4.8 / 5.0 | 3.9 / 5.0 |
| Current Price (USD) | |
| $29.99 | $49.99 |
| tune Key Specs | |
| Quick Highlights | |
|
|
| sports_esports Gameplay & Mechanics | |
| Companions/Followers | |
|
|
| Key Collectibles | |
|
|
| Key Themes | |
|
|
| colorize Combat & Gear | |
| Weapons Overview | |
|
|
| Armor / Gear Sets | |
|
|
| Outfits/Customization | |
|
|
| trending_up Progression & Upgrades | |
| Skills & Progression | |
|
Character progression in Valheim eschews traditional experience points, instead operating on a highly organic skill-by-use system where actions like jumping, running, block-parrying, and wielding specific weapon classes level up naturally. The 1.0 update expands the technological upgrade tree immensely with the introduction of 'Bloodgold' metallurgical stations like the Frigid Kiln and Frost Foundry. Moreover, the endgame shifts heavily toward the Eitr (magic) meta. Spellcasting relies on a complex, dynamic regeneration algorithm where Eitr replenishes faster when the pool is completely empty, forcing mages to precisely time their burst-damage abilities. Players also receive massive permanent upgrades by defeating the eight Forsaken bosses; for example, the new Ashlands Fader boss provides an adrenaline-boosting power, while the Mistlands Queen doubles Eitr regeneration. Balancing dietary intake using the new Deep North agricultural additions (Poteitr, Kale) in a 'Two Eitr, One Stamina' food configuration is absolutely paramount to surviving the endgame. |
Takkar's progression involves earning skill points by gaining XP (from missions, hunting, exploration, capturing objectives). Skills are divided into categories like Survival, Hunting, Gathering, Fighting, Crafting, and Beast Master abilities. Key skills include taming different tiers of beasts, improving combat prowess with various primitive weapons, crafting more effective tools and consumables (health, buffs), and enhancing stealth capabilities. The Wenja village also serves as a progression hub; recruiting specialists (Sayla the Gatherer, Tensay the Shaman, Wogah the Crafter, Karoosh the Warrior, Jayma the Hunter, Dah the Udam, Roshani the Izila) and upgrading their huts unlocks new skills, crafting recipes, gear upgrades, and village population bonuses. |
| public World & Exploration | |
| World & Level Design | |
|
The playable world of Valheim is virtually boundless, utilizing a highly advanced procedural generation engine that crafts massive, circular island continents surrounded by treacherous oceans. The map operates on a strict permanence rule: terrain zones are permanently written into the world file upon a player's initial proximity. The 1.0 update introduces the Deep North, which exclusively spawns at the extreme northern edge of the map in previously unexplored sectors. This biome introduces profound escalation in environmental hostility with a 'Frostbite' debuff that bypasses mid-game thermal protections. It features deep, realistically deforming snow, dynamic blizzards that drastically reduce draw distance, and frozen lakes that introduce ice-sliding mechanics. Furthermore, the procedural algorithm now allows the outer perimeters of the Deep North to spawn alternate, frozen variants of earlier biomes, such as snow-covered Plains or frigid Black Forests, seamlessly illustrating a climatic bleed effect that makes global navigation visually and mechanically cohesive. |
Oros is a large and diverse open world featuring distinct biomes. These include temperate forests, marshy swamps, icy northern glaciers and caves, and volcanic southern regions. Each area presents unique environmental challenges, resources, and wildlife. The verticality of the terrain, with cliffs, caves, and high plateaus, encourages exploration. There are no traditional 'regions' to liberate in the same way as other Far Cry games, but rather areas dominated by Udam or Izila presence, with outposts and bonfires to capture. |
| Playable Vehicles | |
|
|
| Notable Fauna/Mounts | |
|
|
| book Story & Characters | |
| Main Characters | |
|
|
| Example Missions | |
|
|
| people Multiplayer | |
| Multiplayer Details | |
|
Valheim is inherently designed from the ground up as a fully cooperative multiplayer experience, supporting up to 10 players simultaneously within a single world instance. The game does not feature structured competitive PvP modes, though players can mutually agree to toggle a 'friendly fire' setting in their inventory for ad-hoc duels or emergent combat tournaments. Multiplayer is hosted either locally via peer-to-peer listen servers or through robust, persistently online Dedicated Servers. The 1.0 update expands tools for Dedicated Server administrators via an extensive suite of developer console commands (accessed via 'devcommands'), allowing hosts to ban malicious users, alter time of day, force-trigger raid events, or restore corrupted terrain. To protect the economic integrity of vanilla multiplayer servers, any item spawned illicitly by an admin using console commands is permanently branded as a 'cheated item' within the UI, preventing the quiet laundering of high-tier resources into legitimate survival communities. |
Far Cry Primal does not have any multiplayer modes. It is a purely single-player game focused on Takkar's story and survival in Oros. |
| extension Editions & DLC | |
| Available Editions | |
|
With the transition out of Early Access into the highly anticipated Version 1.0, Iron Gate Studio has unified the game's commercial presence across all storefronts. The base price has been officially increased to $29.99, reflecting the massive volume of content added over five years, including the Hearth & Home, Mistlands, Ashlands, and Deep North expansions. Valheim does not segment its player base with Deluxe Editions, 'time-savers', or premium currencies; a single purchase grants total access to the entire game and all its post-launch features. The developer maintains a strict, pro-consumer stance against predatory microtransactions. The game is available on Steam (PC/Mac/Linux), the Microsoft Store (PC/Xbox), PlayStation 5, and the Nintendo Switch 2. Crossplay is fully supported across all these editions via Microsoft's PlayFab backend, ensuring that communities remain completely unfragmented regardless of the specific edition or hardware platform a player chooses to purchase. |
Far Cry Primal was released in a Standard Edition and a Digital Apex Edition. The Apex Edition included: 'Legend of the Mammoth' missions (play as a mammoth), a new weapon (Blood Shasti Club), and four enhancement packs (Sabretooth Pack, Owl Pack, Mammoth Pack, Bomb Pack) offering early access to resources, skins, or minor perks. A Collector's Edition was also available with physical items like a steelbook, map, soundtrack, and Wenja phrasebook. |
| Post-Launch Content / DLC | |
|
Despite astronomical commercial success and selling tens of millions of units, Iron Gate Studio has publicly and explicitly ruled out the development of a 'Valheim 2'. Creative Director Robin Eyre and QA Manager Andreas Tomasson confirmed that the 1.0 release is merely the 'start of a new age' for the core title. Operating as a remarkably lean team of only nine core developers, the studio's post-launch philosophy focuses on iterative refinement rather than rapid, fragmented serialization. While the Deep North represents the final pre-planned major geographical biome, the procedural generation engine is incredibly modular. The studio's roadmap indicates continuous support via smaller, localized content drops, the expansion of alternate biome variations (such as the newly introduced frozen Plains), deeper refinement of the Eitr combat mechanics, and potential new crafting tiers. All future updates are planned to be integrated seamlessly into the base game without the need for segmented, paid DLC expansions. |
The main post-launch content was the 'Wenja Pack,' which was part of the Digital Apex Edition and also sold separately. This included the 'Legend of the Mammoth' missions, the Blood Shasti Club, and the four enhancement packs. A Survivor Mode was added post-launch as a free update, offering a more challenging experience with permadeath options and increased difficulty. Other minor DLCs were typically cosmetic or resource packs. |
| help_outline FAQ | |
| Frequently Asked Questions | |
|
|
| build Technical Details | |
| Graphics & Visual Fidelity | |
|
Valheim’s visual identity is defined by a masterful juxtaposition of retro, low-resolution pixel art textures rendered within a highly advanced, modern lighting engine. Built on Unity, the 1.0 update pushes this aesthetic to its limits with the introduction of a 'Magica Cloth' physics system, ensuring that player capes, banners, and structural fabrics react dynamically to wind patterns and combat momentum. The Deep North biome introduces deep, realistically deforming snow tracks and dynamic accumulation on structural rooftops. The architectural visual suite has been vastly expanded with 67-degree Scalewood pieces for steeply pitched roofs, alongside translucent Ice Blocks crafted from snowballs, allowing for breathtaking frozen palace designs. The engine supports dense volumetric fog, aggressive god rays (sun shafts), and robust bloom effects. To accommodate a wide range of hardware, the new Draw Distance slider allows precise control over rendering boundaries, while z-fighting on overlapping rugs—a persistent visual bug in Early Access—has been entirely eliminated. |
Powered by the Dunia Engine 2, Far Cry Primal presents a lush and visually striking depiction of the Mesolithic era. Oros is characterized by dense forests, misty swamps, icy northern wastes, and volcanic landscapes, all teeming with detailed prehistoric flora and fauna. Animal models are particularly well-crafted, showcasing realistic movement and behavior. The game features dynamic weather, a day-night cycle, and impressive lighting that enhances the primeval atmosphere. |
| Audio & Soundtrack | |
|
The audio soundscape of Valheim is a critical component of its immersive, atmospheric design, heavily relying on dynamic environmental acoustics and uncompressed audio assets in the 1.0 build. The game utilizes highly directional spatial audio, which is mechanically essential in the Deep North blizzards where visual draw distance is crippled; players must rely entirely on the heavy, crunching footsteps of approaching Gammeltrolls or the shrieks of the Elakingar to anticipate ambushes. The soundtrack features sweeping, biome-specific orchestral arrangements that seamlessly shift from tranquil acoustic melodies in the Meadows to thunderous, percussion-heavy battle anthems during Forsaken boss fights. Version 1.0 introduces highly cinematic, bespoke musical scores specifically for the new introductory and concluding cutscenes. Additionally, the sound design enhances the visceral feedback of combat, from the distinct metallic clatter of a perfect shield parry to the crackling discharge of the new Eitr-fueled Thunderblood magical weaponry. |
The original score by Jason Graves heavily features primitive instrumentation, tribal drums, bone flutes, and guttural vocals, creating a unique and atmospheric soundscape fitting the Stone Age. The game features three fully developed fictional languages for the Wenja, Udam, and Izila tribes, created by linguists based on Proto-Indo-European roots. Sound design is crucial for gameplay, with distinct animal calls indicating presence and threat levels, and environmental sounds providing clues for hunting and survival. |
| User Interface (UI/UX) | |
|
The User Interface in Valheim 1.0 has received critical quality-of-life overhauls to address long-standing community grievances regarding inventory management and navigation. The most prominent addition is the 'Wardrobe', a massive structural storage unit that vastly outperforms the capacity of legacy Black Metal Chests. Furthermore, players can finally upgrade their personal carrying capacity by purchasing 'Deeper Pockets' and 'Wider Pockets' directly from the merchant Haldor. The UI now comprehensively integrates a World Modifier menu before launching a save file, allowing players to natively adjust difficulty sliders, alter resource drop multipliers (e.g., 1.5x or 3x), and toggle the controversial ability to teleport raw ores through portals without resorting to third-party mods. For the newly supported Nintendo Switch 2, the UI features bespoke optimizations, including native touch-screen support for rapid inventory sorting and a dedicated 'Mouse Mode' cursor to replicate the precision of PC-based menu navigation. |
The UI is designed to be immersive and relatively minimalistic to fit the prehistoric setting. Health is represented by a segmented bar. Weapon selection is via a radial menu. Important information is often conveyed through environmental cues, animal behavior, and Takkar's own senses (Hunter Vision). A simplified compass and objective markers guide the player. The game features a fully developed fictional Wenja language (with subtitles) spoken by characters, enhancing immersion. |
| Accessibility Options | |
|
Iron Gate Studio has integrated an array of accessibility and convenience features into the 1.0 release to accommodate diverse player preferences without compromising the game's brutal baseline design. The core of this accessibility lies in the natively integrated World Modifiers. Players who find the traditional 'grind' overwhelming can use sliders to increase resource drop rates, reduce the severity of death penalties, lower enemy combat damage, or entirely remove the restriction on teleporting raw ores through portals. Mechanically, the introduction of the Grappling Hook dramatically reduces traversal frustration for players struggling with platforming mechanics on steep mountain faces. For hardware accessibility, the Nintendo Switch 2 version features three distinct visual profiles (Performance, Balanced, and Quality) to suit player framerate sensitivities, alongside gyroscope aiming support for bows and magical staves. Furthermore, visual impairment during blizzards can be slightly mitigated using high-contrast directional lanterns designed to cut through the volumetric weather effects. |
Standard Ubisoft accessibility options are present, including customizable controls (key remapping, sensitivity), aim assist (though less relevant for melee-focused combat), adjustable difficulty levels, and extensive subtitle customization (size, background, speaker names). Hunter Vision helps highlight important objects, enemies, and tracks. |
| video_library Media Links | |
| Gameplay Video | |
| launchWatch | launchWatch |
| Walkthrough/Guide | |
| launchView | launchView |
| settings_applications System Requirements | |
| 1080p (Full HD) - Minimum (Likely 720p/Low or 1080p/Low ~30 FPS) (Low Preset) CPU: Minimum desktop CPU for playable framerates. CPU (Laptop): Estimated laptop CPU equivalent for minimum performance. Modern entry-level laptop CPUs will easily surpass this. GPU: Minimum desktop GPU. GPU (Laptop): Estimated laptop GPUs for minimum performance targets. Modern entry-level dedicated GPUs are significantly more powerful. RAM: Minimum RAM requirement. Storage: HDD is minimum. | |
| — | memoryCPU: Intel Core i3-550 @ 3.2 GHz or AMD Phenom II X4 955 @ 3.2 GHz developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460 (1GB VRAM) or AMD Radeon HD 5770 (1GB VRAM) laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i5-2410M / AMD A8-4500M equivalent or better laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA GeForce GT 740M (1GB) / AMD Radeon HD 8670M equivalent or better. **An NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 Mobile or RTX 4050 Mobile will run this game at 1080p Ultra settings with very high framerates.** layersRAM: 4 GB saveStorage (Tier): 20 GB HDD |
| 1080p (Full HD) - Recommended (High Preset, 60 FPS) CPU: Provides stable frame pacing during complex structural collapses and combat. CPU (Laptop): High clock speeds benefit Unity's single-thread heavy tasks. GPU: Provides the necessary VRAM to handle high-quality textures and bloom. GPU (Laptop): Easily handles max settings at 1080p. RAM: Ensures smooth multitasking and memory overhead for dedicated server hosting. Storage: Recommended for fast boot and load times. | |
memoryCPU: Intel Core i5 @ 3.0GHz / AMD Ryzen 5 @ 3.0GHz developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 / AMD Radeon RX 580 laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i5-11400H / AMD Ryzen 5 5600H laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA RTX 3050 Mobile (75W) layersRAM: 16 GB saveStorage (Tier): 6.5 GB SSD | — |
| 1080p (Full HD) - Recommended (1080p ~60 FPS, High Preset) (High Preset) CPU: Recommended desktop CPU for 1080p at 60 FPS. CPU (Laptop): Estimated mid-range laptop CPUs for smoother 1080p gameplay. GPU: Recommended desktop GPU for 1080p at 60 FPS on high settings. GPU (Laptop): Estimated performance-focused laptop GPUs for recommended 1080p. RAM: Recommended RAM for smoother performance (16GB is standard for modern gaming). Storage: SSD strongly recommended. | |
| — | memoryCPU: Intel Core i7-2600K @ 3.4 GHz or AMD FX-8350 @ 4.0 GHz or better developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 (3GB VRAM) or AMD Radeon R9 280X (3GB VRAM) or better laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i7-3630QM / AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (Desktop equivalent in laptop) or better. **Modern laptop CPUs like Intel Core i5 10th gen+ / AMD Ryzen 5 3000 series+ will handle this effortlessly.** laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA GeForce GTX 960M (2GB/4GB) / GTX 870M (3GB) / AMD Radeon R9 M390X equivalent or better. **Modern laptop GPUs like the NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 Mobile, RTX 4050 Mobile, and above will achieve extremely high framerates at 1080p Ultra. An RTX 3060 Mobile or RTX 4060 Mobile is massively overkill for 1080p but excellent for higher resolutions.** layersRAM: 8 GB saveStorage (Tier): 20 GB HDD (SSD Recommended) |
| 1080p (Full HD) - Minimum (Low Preset, 30 FPS) CPU: Absolute minimum to handle the Unity engine's world-state serialization. CPU (Laptop): Requires a capable 4-core processor to handle AI pathing. GPU: Sufficient for basic rendering with reduced shadow cascades. GPU (Laptop): Entry-level mobile graphics can achieve 30 FPS on lowered settings. RAM: Minimum threshold to prevent page file swapping during gameplay. Storage: Prevents stutter when loading new biome chunks. | |
memoryCPU: 2.6 GHz Quad Core developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 950 / AMD Radeon HD 7970 laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i5-8300H or equivalent laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA GTX 1050 Mobile layersRAM: 8 GB saveStorage (Tier): 6.5 GB SSD | — |
| 1440p (QHD/2K) - Recommended (High/Max Preset, 60 FPS) CPU: Strong multicore performance aids in rendering complex lighting at higher resolutions. CPU (Laptop): Excellent performance for higher resolution mobile displays. GPU: The sweet spot for 1440p performance, allowing max draw distances. GPU (Laptop): Full-wattage 3060 handles 1440p effortlessly. RAM: Standard configuration for modern gaming. Storage: Maximizes texture streaming speeds. | |
memoryCPU: Intel Core i7-10700K / AMD Ryzen 7 3700X developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2060 / AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i7-12700H / AMD Ryzen 7 6800H laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA RTX 3060 Mobile (115W) layersRAM: 16 GB saveStorage (Tier): 6.5 GB NVMe SSD | — |
| 1440p (QHD/2K) - High (1440p ~60 FPS, High/Ultra Preset) (High/Ultra Preset) CPU: Desktop CPU for 1440p at 60 FPS. CPU (Laptop): Estimated high-end laptop CPUs suitable for 1440p. GPU: Desktop GPU for 1440p at 60 FPS. GPU (Laptop): Estimated performance laptop GPUs for 1440p. RAM: 16GB RAM recommended for smoother 1440p. Storage: SSD recommended. | |
| — | memoryCPU: Intel Core i7-3770K @ 3.5 GHz or AMD FX-8350 Wraith @ 4.0 GHz or better developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 970 (4GB) or AMD Radeon R9 390 (8GB) laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i7-4710HQ / AMD Ryzen 5 3550H or better. **Modern laptop CPUs like Intel Core i7 10th gen+ / AMD Ryzen 7 3000 series+ are more than sufficient.** laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980M (4GB/8GB) / GTX 1060 Mobile (6GB) or AMD Radeon RX 480 Mobile equivalent. **NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 Mobile, RTX 4060 Mobile, and above will deliver excellent, high-framerate performance at 1440p Ultra settings. An RTX 3070 Mobile or RTX 4070 Mobile will ensure consistently high FPS.** layersRAM: 8 GB saveStorage (Tier): 20 GB SSD. |
| 2160p (UHD/4K) - Ultra (Max Preset, 60 FPS) CPU: Top-tier IPC performance to eliminate any potential CPU bottleneck at 4K. CPU (Laptop): Enthusiast mobile processors required to feed high-end GPUs. GPU: Provides the raw rasterization power needed to render volumetric lighting at 4K. GPU (Laptop): Necessary for a flawless 60 FPS 4K experience on a laptop. RAM: Sufficient for 4K rendering in Valheim. Storage: Immediate loading capabilities. | |
memoryCPU: Intel Core i5-13600K / AMD Ryzen 5 7600X developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 / AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i9-13900HX / AMD Ryzen 9 7945HX laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA RTX 4080 Mobile layersRAM: 16 GB saveStorage (Tier): 6.5 GB Gen4 NVMe SSD | — |
| 2160p (UHD/4K) - Ultra 4K (~30-60 FPS, High/Ultra Preset) (High/Ultra Preset (May require adjustments for consistent 60 FPS on older top-tier cards)) CPU: Desktop CPU recommendation for 4K. CPU (Laptop): Estimated top-tier laptop CPUs for 4K, GPU is primary factor. GPU: Desktop GPU recommendation for 4K. Consistent 60 FPS at Ultra often required top-tier single cards of the era or SLI/Crossfire. GPU (Laptop): Highest-end laptop GPUs (for the era) for 4K. Modern high-end laptop GPUs offer significantly better 4K performance for this title. RAM: 16GB RAM strongly recommended for 4K. Storage: SSD required for optimal 4K experience. | |
| — | memoryCPU: Intel Core i7-4790K @ 4.0 GHz or AMD Ryzen 5 1600X @ 3.6 GHz or better developer_boardGPU: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti (6GB) / GTX 1070 (8GB) or AMD Radeon R9 Fury X (4GB) / RX 480 (8GB Crossfire for higher FPS) laptop_macCPU (L): Intel Core i7-6700HQ / AMD Ryzen 7 3750H or better. **Modern high-performance laptop CPUs (Intel Core i7/i9 H/HX-series, AMD Ryzen 7/9 HS/HX-series) are recommended for 4K gaming.** laptop_windowsGPU (L): NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1070 Mobile (8GB) or higher. **NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 Mobile (High TGP), RTX 4070 Mobile, and higher (e.g., RTX 3080/Ti Mobile, RTX 4080/4090 Mobile) will run the game at 4K Ultra settings with high framerates. An RTX 3060 Mobile (High TGP) or RTX 4060 Mobile can achieve playable 4K at adjusted settings.** layersRAM: 8 GB saveStorage (Tier): 20 GB SSD. |
| save Overall Storage | |
| Spec: 6.5 GB SSD Note: While the base game is small, high-resolution cutscenes and uncompressed audio require faster read speeds to avoid audio desync. Type: SSD | Spec: 20 GB available space (SSD Recommended). Note: SSD is recommended for faster load times and smoother world streaming. Type: SSD |
| desktop_windows Operating System | |
| Spec: Windows 10 64-bit, macOS 14, or Linux Explanation: Required for modern Unity engine dependencies and optimal API support. | Spec: Windows 7, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 (64-bit versions only) Explanation: Only 64-bit Windows 7 or newer is supported. Windows 10/11 64-bit recommended for modern hardware. |
| gamepad DirectX Version | |
| Spec: DirectX 11 / Vulkan Explanation: Vulkan is highly recommended for Linux users and heavily threaded CPU architectures. | Spec: DirectX 11 Explanation: DirectX 11 is required. |
| info_outline Other Game Notes | |
|
|
| build Optimization Details | |
|
|
| laptop Laptop Considerations | |
|
|
info_outline Feature details based on available data. System requirements and performance estimates may vary.
laptop_chromebook Laptop Recommendations
Common Recommendations (Handles All Compared Games)
For Valheim Version 1.0 Specifically
For Far Cry Primal Specifically
info_outline Laptop recommendations are estimates based on available component benchmarks and game requirements. Actual performance may vary depending on settings, drivers, cooling, power limits, etc. Prices and availability subject to change. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases.